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Filmmaking Techniques
Basic Film Camera Techniques
3D in Depth: Cameras
In previous 3D articles (and lessons), there has been some discussion about lighting, materials and cameras, but it’s important to explore these subjects in more depth, as the right combination of techniques will either make or break your scene. This month, we’ll have a look at cameras and how you can use them to make your 3D Models scenes come alive.
The camera is an amazing tool. In 3D, unlike the real world, physical limitations don’t exist. You can create a scene where the camera takes you on a journey inside the blood vessels of a human body, or to be an eye-in-the-sky in your scenes, it can be used to create impossible perspectives, to zoom and pan and so much more. It’s beyond the scope of this article to tell you everything about cameras, but here are some basics to get you started.
First, it’s useful to look at some of the differences between 3D Models cameras and real life cameras. In 3D, unlike in real life, there is no need for a lens, focusing controls, film, aperture, etc. All of these functions are controlled via software. Where things are similar is how the camera is used. In 3D, you can create one or more cameras, position them exactly as desired in 3D space and use settings to mimic focal length, depth of field, etc. Other options for moving a 3D camera are similar to those in movie making, including truck, dolly, motion blur, orbit and pan.
In addition, software cameras have no size or weight restrictions. You can move a camera to any location and even inside the tiniest objects. You can also animate cameras so that several operations take place at once, such as a zooming into a scene while changing the depth of field. Once you create a camera in 3D Models, you can pick a view and assign the view in that view to the camera, meaning that you will see the scene from the perspective of the camera.
n this illustration, note the position of the camera in the Top, Front and Left views and what the camera actually sees in the lower right hand view.
Let’s look at how the Focal Length, Field of View (FOV) and Depth-of-Field work in 3D. The Focal Length refers to the distance between the lens and a light sensitive surface (film or electronics). The Focal Length determines how much of the subject will be visible. To elaborate, a low Focal Length includes more of the subject, while a higher Focal Length includes less of the subject but offers greater detail of subjects in the distance. The Focal Length is measured in millimeters. As an example, a 50mm lens more or less approximates what the human eyes sees and is a standard lens sold with many still film cameras. When a lens has a Focal Length of less than 50mm it’s referred to as a short or wide angle lens, while a lens with a Focal Length of more than 50mm is referred to as a long or telephoto lens.
The Field of View (FOV) is measured in degrees of the horizon. It determines how much of the scene is visible and is directly related to the Focal Length of the lens. As an example, a 15mm short or wide angle lens in 3DS Max has a Field of View of approximately 100 degrees while a 200mm long or telephoto lens has a 10.3 degree Field of View.
In addition, with a short focal length perspective distortions are emphasized. The result is that objects loom towards the viewer and appear to have depth. In contrast, long focal lengths tend to flatten the object and create parallel lines.
In this series of shots, all use a camera with the same focal length; only the Field of View changes.
About the Author
I am Karin khan.I live in islamabad. I am sutden for 3D Graphic 3D max . Get free download 3D Models .For more information 3D Models.Please logon http://Geo3DModel.com
Avoiding Digital Camera Shakes
If ever you have seen a picture that is blurred, it is most probably because the camera was shaken while the picture was taken. With traditional photographic film cameras, it was evident only after the negatives and positives were made. However, with digital camera, the captured image can be seen immediately on the LCD screen, and if the image has shaken, then it can be discarded for a new shot.
Digital camera shakes are common with new users. This is primarily because, new users have not fully understood that the shutter-release button must not be pressed twice, but pressed two steps down. The first step locks the focus and exposure while the second step takes the photo. This pressing of the button has to be smooth, otherwise the digital camera shakes and a blurred picture is the result.
The shutter speed also plays an important role in blurring the picture. The shutter speed is the amount of time the shutter remains open to allow light to reach the digital camera sensor. It is measured in seconds or fractions of a second. An image is exposed by the combination of the lens aperture and the shutter speed. A slow shutter speed needs a small aperture (large F-stop number) to avoid over exposure. With a slow shutter speed below 1/60th of a second, over exposure is adequately controlled, but the digital camera is likely to vibrate more, giving a shaky picture.
A tripod is extremely useful to eliminate digital camera shakes. It is generally used by sports photographers who use long telephoto lens, as it helps in close-ups, landscape and panning shots, for timed exposures, for shooting at slow shutter speeds, and for taking photographs in low or dim light conditions. Shooting a fast moving subject, like athletes, or wildlife, tests the photographer`s skill and the equipment. In such cases, camera shakes are most likely to happen, and thus a monopod or a tripod is always used. Digital cameras mounted on tripods always tend to eliminate camera shakes and give sharp results.
A great feature in most high-end digital cameras available nowadays is image stabilization (IS). IS is an anti-shake and vibration reduction technology and is common in digital cameras with long telephoto zooms of 10X and 12X. With IS, sharp images can be obtained even if the camera shakes a little, a slow shutter speed is used, shooting is done in low light conditions, or a tripod is not used. IS was originally developed for video cameras. It is now available in interchangeable lens, consumer and professional digital cameras, which use optical image stabilization. Sports and wildlife photographers use a tripod and IS technology together to get the maximum sharpness of their photographs; however, many other photographers turn the IS feature off while using a tripod.
Digital camera shakes can be eliminated or minimized by the utilization of the above techniques. However, the fundamentals of taking a good shot prove to be most effective in avoiding camera shakes, in the absence of tripods, or IS technology.
The basics of good photography should be followed. You should hold the digital camera with both your hands. You should keep the legs apart with the knees slightly bent forward. Your elbows should be braced with your body and your body braced with some support, if possible. You should generally frame and compose the picture with the viewfinder and not the LCD screen. You should not jab but lightly press the shutter release button two steps down, and during that time, it would be beneficial to hold your breath to prevent any movement of the chest and hands. With this basic technique of good photography, you can be sure that your digital camera will not shake and no picture will be blurred.
This article is under GNU FDL license and can be distributed without any previous authorization from the author. However the author’s name and all the URLs (links) mentioned in the article and biography must be kept.
About the Author
This article can also be accessed in portuguese language from the Article section of page www.polomercantil.com.br/camera-digital.php
Roberto Sedycias works as IT consultant for www.PoloMercantil.com.br